15 Basic Appeals Free Essays

â€Å"Advertising: 15 Basic Appeals† by Jib Fowles (from â€Å"Mass Advertising As Social Forecast†) 1. Requirement for sex-shockingly, Fowles found that solitary 2 percent of the TV advertisements, he reviewed utilized this intrigue. It mayâ be excessively outright, he finished up, and regularly degrades the item. We will compose a custom paper test on 15 Basic Appeals or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now 2. Requirement for connection the biggest number of advertisements utilize this methodology: you are searching for kinship? Promoters can likewise utilize this adversely, to make you stress that you’ll lose companions on the off chance that you don’t utilize a specific item. 3. Need to support each time you see a doggy or a little cat or a kid, the intrigue is to your fatherly or maternal impulses. . Requirement for direction a dad or mother figure can engage your longing for somebody to think about you, s you won’t need to stress. Betty Crocker is a genuine model. 5. Need to aggress-we as a whole want to settle the score, and a few advertisements give you this fulfillment. 6. Need to accomplish the capacity to achieve something troublesome and succeed distinguishes the item with winning. Sports figures as spokespersons venture this picture. 7. Need to overwhelm the force we need is the thing that we can search for in a business â€Å"master the conceivable outc omes. † 8. Requirement for noticeable quality we need to be appreciated and regarded; to have high societal position. Elegant china and great precious stones offer this potential. 9. Requirement for consideration we need individuals to see us; we need to be taken a gander at. Beauty care products are a characteristic for this methodology. 10. Requirement for self-governance inside a packed situation, we need to be singled out, to be a â€Å"breed separated. † This can likewise be utilized adversely: you might be forgotten about on the off chance that you don’t utilize a specific item. 11. Need to escape-flight is exceptionally engaging; you can envision experiences you can't have; escape is pleasurable. 12. Need to have a sense of security to be liberated from dangers, to be secure is the intrigue of numerous protection and bank promotions. 3. Requirement for stylish sensations-magnificence draws in us, and exemplary craftsmanship or move causes us to feel inventive, upgraded. 14. Need to fulfill interest realities bolster our conviction that data is quantifiable and numbers and outlin es settle on our decisions appear to be logical. 15. Mental requirements Fowles characterizes sex (thing no. 1) as a natural need, thus he groups our need to rest, eat, and drink in this class. Sponsors for delicious pizza are particularly engaging late around evening time. Source: Media Impact Introduction to Mass Media (fourth Ed) Author: Shirley Biagi,â Wadsworth The most effective method to refer to 15 Basic Appeals, Essay models

How did King George III lose his 13 American Colonies? Essay -- essays

     There is a typical misinterpretation that the sole reason for the American Revolutionary War was the charges forced on the provinces by Britain. In the event that a more critical look is taken at the historical backdrop of the Americas, in any case, it is anything but difficult to see that thought of opportunity had been beating through the states for a considerable length of time. Exactly how did His Majesty King George III lose his American provinces? The appropriate response is a chain of occasions hanging from the French and Indian war to the day George Washington gave over his soldiers to the Continental Congress, authoritatively finishing the War for Independence.      Before the French and Indian War, Britain had utilized an arrangement of Salutary Neglect with the settlements, giving them a feeling of opportunity. While Britain despite everything recognized the states, and the homesteaders stayed faithful to the crown, the provinces were commonly left to oversee themselves. After the French and Indian War, in any case, King George III saw in his states an approach to underwrite. England was in a post-war financial downturn, and required a wellspring of pay (Stamp Act). The settlements gave an ideal answer. They had set up their own frameworks of exchange and assembling during the hours of helpful disregard, and were turning out to be progressively independent. So as to get a portion of the colonists’ funds, Britain started to pass a progression of charges.      The Stamp Act was passed in 1765, and set a duty on any papered products that were going into the settlements from Britain. This included papers, handouts, and playing a card game, just to give some examples (Stamp Act).The homesteaders had been so acclimated with their opportunity from the crown now, that they were incensed. The connection between the Mother nation and the provinces didn't improve with the instatement of the Townshend Acts of 1767. These demonstrations passed burdens on consistently merchandise that the homesteaders required, for example, lead, tea, glass and paint(Townshend Acts). By this point, the settlers were starting to address Britain’s thought processes towards them. They accepted they were being dealt with like slaves and being utilized exclusively for the monetary development of Britain. One night, in 1773, the settlers opposed these duties on their tea. A gathering of men dressed as Native Americans boarded a boat at Boston Harbor and emptied three vessels of burdened tea (Boston Tea Party). This occasion, known a... ...ish armed force required was, best case scenario, a half year away.      The American Revolutionary War authoritatively finished in 1783 with the marking of the Treaty of Paris. Presently, General Washington gave up his soldiers to the Continental Congress. The Americans had won their autonomy, a lot to the consternation of the British crown. Lord George III lost his American provinces because of various reasons. The duty of the American Revolution and King George III’s loss of his settlements can't be put on one explicit occasion, yet rather a development of pressures throughout the years making the possibility of opportunity ring through the provinces and drive them to make the United States of American a free nation ‘with freedom and equity for all.’ Works Cited â€Å"Boston Tea Party.† Columbia University Press. 11 June 2005. â€Å"Encyclopedia: Saratoga, Battles of.† Funk and Wagnalls New Encyclopedia. 2005. June  â â â â 12, 2005. â€Å"Intolerable Acts.† Columbia University Press. 11 June 2005. â€Å"Stamp Act of 1765.† GNU Free Documentation. 12 June 2005.  â â â â â€Å"Townshend Acts.† GNU Free Documentation. 12 June 2005.

Comments Killed the Internet Star

Comments Killed the Internet Star In a recent interview with Seth Godin on Zen Habits, Leo Babauta asked Seth why he removed comments from his website (which Leo did as well). Seth discussed how difficult it was for him, but he presented sound reasoning for it. Seth explained a part of his brain was always distracted by the commentsâ€"this nagging voice telling  him his writings wouldn’t be appreciated by his readers. So Seth would argue with himself about removing a sentence here, adding an extra sentence thereâ€"all to justify his point of view to avoid offending his readers: “I realized I had a choiceâ€"I could have a blog with comments and no posts, or a blog with posts and no comments.”  That was our ‘lightbulb’ moment. We killed the comments before they killed us. We turned off comments (in 2011) because we didn’t want them shaping our writing into something inauthentic: if that happened, we’d be doing a disservice to our readers. Plus, we were spending 20 hours each week moderating and responding to innumerable comments, which wasn’t adding as much value as it was taking. Comments are meant to engage readers, but less than one percent of the people who visited our website actually left a commentâ€"because there are better ways to stay engaged. We appreciated the kind words from readers, the feedback, the valuable discussions; on the flip-side, we didn’t appreciate the seagulls. Our website is a portal to engage with others to help them live more meaningful livesâ€"not to provide anonymous trolls a forum to to vent their inane outrage. Even without comments, though, we’ll remain engaged with our readers in myriad ways: Our site has always been about the content of our writingsâ€"not the responses to them. Our essays are meant to elicit personal introspection, so the best way to benefit from our weekly lessons is via email, which allows you to stay engaged every time we write something new (and no spamâ€"ever). As always, we’ll continue to engage with our readers via Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram, where many of our most meaningful conversations already occur. You can always comment via any of those platforms: we closely listen and interact with everyone. If you run a blog and want to comment on a specific essay, feel free to link to that essay: we read the sites that link to ours, and we share the most meaningful content on social media. And well continue to find new ways to engage our audience: tours, live events, speaking gigs, and other forums for meaningful, face-to-face conversations. If you find value in The Minimalists, consider donating a dollar.

Childhood Caries - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 820 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/03/13 Category Sociology Essay Level High school Tags: Childhood Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Early childhood caries is not only a problem in underdeveloped countries, but in many well-developed countries as well. It is a world-wide problem. There are many influences that could increase the likelihood of early childhood caries. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Childhood Caries" essay for you Create order Childhood caries could be influenced by diet, genetics, exposure, and oral hygiene. Caries have no limitations and will affect any child no matter age, gender, or race. This is a significant health issue because children do not understand the importance of oral hygiene and need to be taught by their parents or guardian. However, parents often feel because they are baby teeth and will be lost anyway they are not as important to take care of. Early Childhood Caries Early childhood caries (ECC) is defined as having one or more primary teeth with decay, fillings/restorations, or missing due to decay in a child that is 3 years of age or younger. ECC remains the number one chronic disease affecting young children in the United States (cite). Although children who are part of a lower socioeconomical status or racial minority tend to have more severe dental decay it still affects all races and all socioeconomic classes. An article written by Brooke Jackson, DNP, APRN, CPNP (2015) states, despite ECC being largely preventable, it continues to be five times more common than asthma and seven times more common than hay fever in the pediatric population in the United States (p. 543). This is a huge indicator that something needs to be done in order to reduce the likelihood of ECC. Some children may have predispositions to developing caries, but they are largely preventable. It is recommended a child should have their first dental visit by age one or when their first tooth comes in. Many parents are unaware of when to take their child to see the dentist, but they may regularly take their child in to see their primary health care provider. There is currently a disconnect between oral health care providers and primary health care providers. Primary care providers should communicate with the parent regarding dental concerns and recommend a time for them to take their child for a dental visit. I can see this as a solution if this could become more routine amongst care providers and overtime could possibly lead to a decline in child caries. Some parents may not see the importance of regular dental visits for children because they are going to lose those teeth eventually. However, according to Kawashita, Kitamura, and Saito (2011) children experiencing caries as infants or toddlers have a much greater probability of subsequent caries in both the primary and the permanent dentitions (p. 1). It is problematic for children who develop caries in their permanent dentition at a young age because those teeth are supposed to last them a lifetime. Many parents understand proper nutrition is important for their child to grow and develop appropriately, but they may not understand how nutrition can affect their childs teeth. Children should be brushing twice a day to remove the biofilm on their teeth especially if their diet consists of softer foods that stick to their teeth. Kawashita et. al (2011) explains the process of how decay begins, the presence of a fermentable carbohydrate (e.g., sucrose, glucose, fructose, cooked starch) and bio? ¬lms on the teeth support the metabolism of acidogenic microorganisms, resulting in acidic substances, the hydrogen ions of which dissolve the carbonated hydroxyapatite crystal lattice of enamel, cementum, and dentin (p. 2). Overtime this repeated exposure and demineralization of the tooth will lead to caries. Parents Children who experience dental caries may also experience some nutritional deficiencies. If a child has untreated decay they could be experiencing significant pain, and this could lead to them avoiding some meals. According to Khanh et al., children with ECC may experience acute and chronic mouth pain that can adversely affect their quality of life, eating practices, nutritional status, growth, and educational and economic potential (p. 2510). If a child has decayed or missing teeth they may also experience some psychologic distress because of embarrassment or lack of confidence. Conclusion Early childhood caries is a chronic disease amongst all types of children no matter their race, age or socioeconomic status. Although this problem has been addressed further efforts still need to be made. Primary care providers and dental care providers need to work together to provide the best possible care for their patients. Parents need to be educated on the importance of proper nutrition, proper oral hygiene, and the possible negative affects that can be associated with poor oral care. Parents should also be informed of the psychological problems that could be associated with ECC and correlations to poor nutrition. As a dental health care provider, I have seen children with severe decay and parents not understanding the importance of taking care of primary teeth. Parents need to be educated earlier during pregnancy by their doctors to take preventative dental measures to benefit their child.

Animal Control Chad And Chad Essay - 1213 Words

Name: Matthew Langerman Introduction I. Attention Device-This is Chad before he was thrown away by his family. He was tossed away because there were bigger more aggressive dogs than him so he was useless to his owner. In one of his fights, Chad was bitten in the ear. After being tossed out by his owner his ear got badly infected. Chad was lucky. The neighbor knew what was going on in Chad’s owner’s house and called animal control. When animal control arrived, they took Chad along with the other dogs to the shelter. After spending some time in the shelter, Chad was adopted by his new loving parents. His new parents took him to the vet and got his infected ear taken care of. According to his new parents he has â€Å"a phobia of men and a big fear of strangers.† Chad has slowly improved and Chad taught his new parents a lot while giving his love back to them. This is Chad now II. Central Idea- Not only does owning pets like dogs and cats have benefits, but adopting pets from a shelter like Chad and not buying them from breeders has many other benefits. III. Specific Purpose- I know you might not of the time orShow MoreRelatedAzalea and Friends Essay1377 Words   |  6 PagesAzalea† Max cried. â€Å"Hey, Azalea† replied. â€Å"I want to show you something I found. Let’s wait for the others.† Before Azalea and Max knew it, everyone was there. First to arrive was Taylor, followed by Madeline, lastly with a tie, the twins Brad and Chad. â€Å"I’m so happy everyone could make it,† Azalea squealed. Now follow me to the playroom. Azalea’s house was humongous. There were fancy sculptures and pictures everywhere. It took the kids forever to reach the playroom. Inside the playroom all ofRead MoreEssay Effects on Drought4070 Words   |  17 Pagesmoisture and water below the minimums necessary for sustaining plant, animal, and human life. Drought is usually accompanied by hot, dry winds and may be followed by damaging floods. More socially relevant than technically correct is the definition used by Ari Toubo Eibrahim, the minister of agriculture in Niger, who has said that a drought is Not as much water as the people need. Examples Chad, the largest landlocked country of the African Sahel region, sufferedRead MoreWhat is Dracunculiasis?661 Words   |  3 Pagesinfection such as â€Å"tetanus, which may be life threatening which causes a concern in endemic areas where there is typically no access to health care and where the disease exist which are mainly in poor countries.† According to the center for diseases control and prevention website says that, â€Å"at least in the Northern region of Ghana, the Guinea worm team found that antibiotic ointment on the wound site caused the wound to heal too well and too quickly making it more difficult to extract the worm and moreRead MoreThe Space Of Deep Sea Exploration1415 Words   |  6 Pageswhy explore out when we haven’t explored our own ocean? Our oceans could contain many secrets to the world that are still unknown. According to Ryan Carlyle, a subsea hydraulics engineer Works in the oil industry as an engineer for Deepwater well control equipment; he directs the installation and operation of seafloor equipm ent designed to make sure subsea oil wells can be safely drilled and completed. Is a leader in the field of deep sea exploration is convinced that â€Å"the ocean is excruciatinglyRead MoreThe Vibrant Tradition and History of Niger Compare to the Current Bleak Economic Situation1199 Words   |  5 PagesMountains run through the western part of the country and its here where you can find Mount Idoukal-n-Taghes, the largest point in Niger towering at 2022 meters. Niger is in Western Africa. It borders with Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Mali, and Nigeria {in which it shares the largest borders with}. Niger has had a lush, and colorful history and it all starts 6000 years ago. At this point humans have first settled here. Until the 11th century there were just indigenous tribesRead MoreAfric The Oldest Inhabited Territory On Earth1533 Words   |  7 Pagesmountains are included, in addition to the names of countries or inhabited areas; there are also names of some of the tribes who lived in Africa at the time. An example is the Troglodite people who were known to live in caves, dens or holes. The only animal name I could decipher was â€Å"elephas† which translated means elephants. This map, however, does not have a key, a compass, or a cartouche displayed anywhere. Surprisingly, the map does include some of the surrounding countries in the immediate areaRead MoreSpeech : A Comparison Between Human And Primates1660 Words   |  7 Pagescompared to other animals? Well, both humans and animals can communicate in motions, however humans can communicate in forms of signals a nd symbols, which could be gestures, sounds, or written words. Main differences between human and primates in regards to speech is that humans have an open vocal system while primates have a closed vocal system. Homo sapiens is probably the only animal that uses language to communicate with one another which distinguishes us from other animals. Through age fourRead MoreShould Overpopulation Be The World s Main Environmental Concern Essay1756 Words   |  8 Pageshas the potential to inflict irreversible damage on the environment and on its life sustaining systems and resources. Already, critical stress suffered by our environment is clearly manifest in the air, water, and soil, our climate, and plant and animal species. Should this deterioration be allowed to continue, we can expect to alter the living world to the extent that it will be unable to sustain life as we know it. Though there isn’t only one main cause to the environment’s destruction, many scientistsRead M oreA Report On Boko Haram4313 Words   |  18 Pagesnot only fertile but is also home to a number of natural resources, mainly oil. As a result, the southern part, which is Christian, is very rich. In addition, the southern part is home to the government of Nigeria and as a result, the Christians control the government. Boko Haram is against this disparity and aims at first making the whole of Nigeria an Islamic state and imposing the Sharia Law. They have no tolerance for Christians, whom they refer to as kafir, meaning non-believer. Among theirRead MoreCulture Is The Backbone Of The Society1369 Words   |  6 PagesCultural Awareness What is Culture It has often been said that culture is the backbone of the society without which there is almost no society. It is culture that differentiates human beings from animals; one society from another. The human appreciation for culture is evident in the way it is transferred from generation to generation. Culture consists of the behaviors and ways of a social life. As people are born in a cultural environment, they begin to seek their own way of acting and behaviors

Free Time Free Essays

There are lots of pleasure grounds all over the world. I think everywhere there are pubs, discoes, clubs, etc. We go out with my friends especially to pubs where we can chat, listen to music, dance and eat something. We will write a custom essay sample on Free Time or any similar topic only for you Order Now But the garden parties are more friendlier and cheaper. We usually organize barbecues with children, this time they can play and run in the garden. I usually go to a wellness-weekend with my husband once a year in winter because we work a lot all of the year. There are some well-known spas in Hungary, for example, Hà ©và ­z and Hajdà ºszoboszlà ³, and many people, including foreigners, go there. A hobby is an activity that you like doing and do quite often. Hobbies are a form of recreation. If you have a hobby, it’s easier to regain energy after a hard day’s work. Depending on the type of the hobby, you can also make friends. Unfortunately many Hungarians spend their free time at home watching TV. But there are some who do some physical activities regularly, like swimming, aerobics or hiking. Nowadays many young people spend much of their time playing computer games either at home or in internet cafes. I think men and women usually have different kinds of hobbies, for example, very few women go fishing and they are not so interested in extreme sports, either. On the other hand, men generally aren’t interested in needlework or pottery. In my opinion both men and women do gardening but they tend to do different jobs in the garden. Women like dealing with flowers, they weed the flowerbeds, plant new varieties and they design the whole garden. Men usually prune the trees, trim the hedges and mow the lawn. Collecting stamps, coins, autographs, phone cards, beer mats or napkins, model building, doing needlework or woodwork, pottery, basketry, playing an instrument and dancing are indoor hobbies, while hiking, mountaineering, caving, sailing, fishing, canoeing and bird-watching are outdoor hobbies. My sister’s hobbies are collecting phone cards and diary writing. I like reading about feng-shui and I like to be an Avon consultant. I used to play handball for years, nowadays I only watch handball games on TV. As far as I know, the English like playing golf and cricket, and there are quite a few soccer fans among them. They often mow the lawn and wash their cars at weekends, while some British people go to horse races to bet or just to watch the race. Some Americans go to baseball and basketball games regularly to support their teams. But there are others who prefer staying at home and watching these games on TV while eating snacks. I think Hungarian people collect the same things that people like collecting all over the world, mostly stamps and coins. If we considered a sport that many people pursue popular, the most popular sport in Hungary are football, handball, hiking and aerobics. If a popular sport means a sport that many people watch, besides football and handball, the most popular sports are Formula 1 racing, water polo and boxing. How to cite Free Time, Papers

Interviewing a Manager Jamie Ysrael About Organization Goals

Organizational chartAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Interviewing a Manager Jamie Ysrael About Organization Goals specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Organizational Chart: Asus Corporation/ Source: Jamie Ysrael Person Interviewed: Jamie Ysrael, Marketing Lead Jami Ysrael’s Score My Score Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference Table Category 1: I have clear, specific goals in several areas Category 2: I have a definite outcome in life that I want to achieve Category 3: I prefer general to specific goals Category 4: I work better without specific deadlines Category 5: I set aside enough time each day or week to plan my work Category 6: I am clear about the measures that indicate when I have achieved a goal Category 7: I work better when I set more challenging goals for myselfAdvertising We wi ll write a custom essay sample on Interviewing a Manager Jamie Ysrael About Organization Goals specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Category 8: I help other people clarify and define their goals Introduction Whether it involves managing an office, a work team, a small store or a large retail outlet, the processes all remain the same, wherein a manager must be able to balance the needs of the business, take into account current business trends, the culture of the organization he works for as well as set specific goals for himself/herself in order to create positive end goal outcomes. In order to investigate the impact of goal setting in management styles, the researcher for this paper contacted Jamie Ysrael, a Marketing Lead for Asus Corp, in order to ascertain the importance of goal setting in: managing the people under her implementing practices to increase performance meeting performance metrics and ensure a stable work environment. H ow important is it to set specific/ general goals within your Organization? Ms. Ysrael: â€Å"What you have to understand is that there are two ways in which you can get an employee to do a certain task: you can either have them do it via your position as their boss or you can have them willingly do it through a shared specific/general goal. It is usually the case that when asked to do something under the perspective of shared/specific goal in mind I have come to realize that employees become more willing and adept at completing an assigned task as compared to merely ordering to them to do it in my position as their boss† As Ms. Ysrael explains, at times managers need employees to do certain tasks which are outside of their normal tasks at the company. In such instances, the likelihood of them refusing to do so is quite high; however, should a manager have a certain degree of influence over that employee in terms of having a good relationship as well as indicating that the ta sk being given is part of a shared goal by the company the end result is a greater likelihood of that employee being more than willing to help out.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The reasoning behind this particular type of behavior can be seen in the work of Gardner, Staats Gino (2012) which examined methods of improving organization performance within companies (Gardner, Staats Gino, 2012). As Gardner, Staats Gino (2012) explains, establishing shared goals within a company, whether specific or general in nature, creates a work mentality where employees feel that they are actually doing something of notable worth for the company. This feeling of worth often translates into better organizational performance in the long run since people no longer feel that they are merely numbers on a company’s system of metric examination. How important is proper organizational planning in your role as manager? When asked this particular question Ms. Ysrael, via a metaphor, said the following statement â€Å"if a building does not have girders, platforms, steel beams and a foundation, how is it suppose to stand?† Based on this reasoning, as well as asking he r to elaborate further, it was determined that proper organizational planning is the cornerstone of any managerial practice since it is often necessary to be able to do things: One step at a time. Arrange tasks to be done in a certain order. Method. And by a particular person Lastly, it creates a structure from which managers can determine how to improve performance levels. What is the most important factor in proper management planning? In this question, Ms. Ysrael indicated that data and metrics are the most important factors since through them you can analyze the performance of the business. All business decisions need to be based on factual data obtained through credible sources. This means that before actions related to expansion to new markets, the removal of a particular product line or the creation of a new product, a manager must base such decisions on data obtained from customer data, market analysis (SWOT, Porter 5 forces etc) and finally financial data in order to make accurate decisions. When asked if setting specific goals or deadlines are important for her current line of work Ms. Ysrael stated the following: â€Å"while I do know that having a specific set of goals and deadlines in mind is important for other managers I happen to work in marketing and as such there are times when specific goals and deadlines simply do not work in my opinion. In my opinion, focusing on the general goals of a marketing campaign and utilizing data and metrics in order to determine its overall effectiveness is the best way a manger can perform. Not only that, a marketing campaign sometimes does not have a specific end date and can continue for quite some time†. Do you believe in helping other people clarify and define their goals? The topic of helping others for Ms. Ysrael was rather contentious in that she indicated that a proper manager should help her employees set particular goals for themselves, rather, what is necessary is that a manager should guide them into fulfilling their roles and make them more independent. Such actions, she states, enables a manager to do their job properly without constantly having to look at whether her employees are doing the right thing. In your opinion, what is the most important trait needed by a manager when making decisions? When asked this particular question, Ms. Ysrael, elaborated on the concept of showing measures that indicate when I have achieved a goal. For her, it is important to show a certain degree of achievement when accomplishing a particular task or marketing campaign. This means that when a task is completed it must be logical (meaning that it makes sense), results in positive effects for the company (creates profit, reduces costs, etc.) and finally conforms to ethical practices (meaning that it is not illegal in the least). Note Questions pertaining to specific life outcomes, creating goals for herself or setting aside enough time each day to plan her work was asked by the resear cher, however, Ms. Ysrael indicated that such questions were in her opinion nonsensical since she prefers to handle things as they come rather than meticulously plan everything single thing. Discussing the Manager’s Goal Setting and Organizational Skills When examining the results of the interview I have come to the realization that while Ms. Ysrael’s goal setting and organizational skills are good for the company they seem to be insufficient in terms of actually helping out lower level employees. The concept of setting and defining specific goals as a means of ensuring continued job satisfaction involves creating a mindset wherein employees see their current task as a means to an end within the organization wherein it could potentially lead to newer and better things while at the same time continues to keep them interested in their job (Boumgarden, Nickerson Zenger, 2012). When it comes to setting and defining specific goal, it is interesting to note that various res earchers indicate that by continuing to develop employees in order for them to accomplish multiple tasks, create defined goals for themselves and clarify their role in the company this actually results in a greater degree of job satisfaction since it takes away factors related to repetitious actions that actually cause job dissatisfaction (Soda Zaheer, 2012). It is based on this that I believe Ms. Ysrael is not doing her job properly in terms of creating an effective work environment which helps to create a mindset involving employees thinking that the job they are doing is part of a general goal of the company while at the same time entailing a specific goal for themselves. Evidence justifying this particular point of view can be seen in the sheer amount of public relations assistants, creative artists and marketing assistants that keep on leaving Asus who were under Ms. Ysrael. This is opposed to the relatively low churn rate seen in other departments within the company. Referenc e List Boumgarden, P., Nickerson, J., Zenger, T. R. (2012). Sailing into the wind: Exploring the relationships among ambidexterity, vacillation, and organizational performance. Strategic Management Journal, 33(6), 587-610. Gardner, H. K., Staats, B. R., Gino, F. (2012). Dynamically integrating knowledge in teams: transforming resources into performance. Academy Of Management  Journal, 55(4), 998-1022. Soda, G., Zaheer, A. (2012). A network perspective on organizational architecture: performance effects of the interplay of formal and informal organization. Strategic  Management Journal, 33(6), 751-771. This essay on Interviewing a Manager Jamie Ysrael About Organization Goals was written and submitted by user Bianca O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Earn More Money by Artful Negotiation

Earn More Money Want more money? Dont hesitate; negotiate! Whether you are looking for higher salary at work, greater price on a house or better paying freelance assignments, the principles of negotiation remain the same. 1. Assess yourself. How long have you been in business? You can command a higher price if youre a veteran than if youre a novice. While some magazines welcome the fresh approach that new writers bring, many prefer to work with established writers for their experience and professionalism. 2. Assess the market. What is the magazines budget? Where do they get their funding from? How large is their subscriber base? What are their advertising rates? A privately-owned corporate publication will pay more than a department journal run 3. Keep your finger on the pulse. What are the current rates for your type of work? Ask around in writers groups, associations or online forums. What do the editors of your chosen target market seek? Check Duotrope for interviews indicating likes, dislikes and tips. Then tailor your work to align to them. The less revision your work requires, the more favourable your image, the stronger your bargaining position. 4. Have a holistic view. Where is the magazine based? New York publications pay more than Wyoming ones. Is it boom time or bust? Recession can drag overall rates down, so raise your expectations reasonably. 5. Check your budget. What have you put in to get your work out? Monitor writing-related expenditure advertising, writing material, home office with a broadband connection, library membership, subscription to a writers forum and factor in these deductions from your income to determine your asking rate. Keep in mind currency conversions, bank charges and other hidden transaction fees and ensure payment covers a percentage of it. 6. Consider the complexity. What type of article is it? What level of commitment is necessary? Researching, collecting supplementary material like photographs, arranging expert interviews, and including sidebars requires extra effort. Writing personal memoir doesnt. 7. Learn the legalese. Understand what rights are being requested. Moving heaven and earth for an extra $10 for one-time electronic rights is not worth the hassle. Asking 50 percent more for all rights is. 8. Be principled. Principles are any guiding rules we live 9. Compromise. Are you starving? Are you getting a chance to do something different that may offer new opportunities in future? Compromise on the money for non-monetary benefit-in-kind. 10. Be honest, persuasive and professional. The best type of negotiation is a win-win situation for both parties. You want the editor to feel they have gotten a good deal while ensuring you dont get the raw end of it either. Be courteous, honest, respectful and not defensive. Never be rude, threatening, sarcastic, argumentative or pushy. After you receive an offer, put your request as an open-ended question like, Is there any wiggle room in payment? Dont mention specific amounts, let the editor re-consider and come back with a revised figure. Be ready to walk away from the deal if expectations dont match. Once you have settled the deal, honor the terms. Reneging on contracts can be expensive in terms of money as well as reputation. Uphold your integrity. It may pay off when you least expect it. Negotiate and let your income appreciate.

12 Best Art Schools in the World

12 Best Art Schools in the World SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you have a passion for art, there are some great college options out there for you! Art schools can provide you with the tools you need to develop your skills and make a career out of what you love. In this article, I'll give you a list of the best art schools in the world, tell you what each of their programs is like, and give you some tips on how to choose the right one for you. What Makes a Great Art School? The best art schools are institutions that teach students to think creatively across disciplines and provide them with the instruction and resources that will enable them to fulfill their artistic potential. All the schools on this list are forward-thinking, well-respected colleges with constantly evolving curricula that always keep pace with changes in the art world. They have international name recognition and strong reputations as a result of the successes of their alumni. These universities offer a variety of majors in artistic disciplines that will lead to fulfilling careers. They also have cutting edge facilities that allow students to make their visions a reality, whether that involves welding a giant metal sculpture or creating life-like 3D animations. Programs in the digital arts are prominent features of most of these colleges because knowledge of design programs and other art-making software is crucial in the current artistic landscape for students who hope to develop their practice into a career. The schools on this list provide excellent career counseling services to make the transition from student to professional as smooth as possible for their students. Many provide students with the opportunity to work at internships or in other professional development contexts while still in school so that they can build their experience and be prepared to take on the job world. At a great art school, you’ll be consistently inspired through interactions with some of the most interesting and creative people you’ll ever meet. If you love art, these schools will help you develop your passion and take it to places you never even thought possible! Make your dreams a (sur)reality. The Best Art Schools in the World Without further ado, here's a list of the top twelve art schools in the world ranked by reputation and quality! #1: Rhode Island School of Design- Providence, Rhode Island (US) Undergraduate enrollment: 1,976 Acceptance rate: 29% About the School: RISD is considered by many to be the best art and design school out there. With distinguished faculty members, extensive resources for students, and a strong career services department, RISD offers pretty much anything you could want in an art and design education. RISD also has an associated museum with thousands of works in its collection that span different time periods, cultures, and media. Rhode Island School of Design #2: School of the Art Institute of Chicago- Chicago, Illinois (US) Undergraduate enrollment: 2,889Acceptance rate: 61% About the School: School of the Art Institute of Chicago boasts a strong global reputation; its alumni include Georgia O'Keeffe, David Sedaris, and Edward Gorey (who is one of my favorite artists!). SAIC has an interdisciplinary curriculum, meaning that students are encouraged to experiment widely across artistic disciplines before deciding on the best medium for their ideas. The education at SAIC is highly customizable, encouraging students to be creative in combining different types of art. Off-campus study is also required at SAIC. Students can fulfill this requirement through an internship program, study trip, or study abroad experience. This provides a bridge to the art world outside of college and helps students prepare for careers in the arts. School of the Art Institute of Chicago #3: California Institute of the Arts- Valencia, California (US) Undergraduate enrollment: 984Acceptance rate: 24% About the School: CalArts is an internationally recognized art school that encourages students to go beyond the boundaries of traditional media. It has a strong focus on individualized attention for each student. Students are also given a high level of creative freedom and independence in their studies- artistic promise is the number one criteria for admission. CalArts also participates in the Community Arts Partnership, which gives students the opportunity to teach art to youth in Los Angeles while gaining experience and earning an income. The Institute provides resources such as internships and mentoring programs for students to help them translate their artistic skills into a career after college. California Institute of the Arts #4: Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design- London, England Undergraduate enrollment: 3,013Acceptance rate: Not reported About the School: Central Saint Martins is a constituent college of the University of the Arts in London. It is considered one of the world’s leading institutions in art and design education. The college offers nine different areas of study to students, including Graphic Communication Design, Fine Art, and Jewelry and Textiles. Students are encouraged to develop their ideas beyond the accepted boundaries of each artistic discipline and to always be open to new approaches and ideas. Facilities include digital fabrication studios, letterpress studios, a digital media lab, an animation lab, and more. CSM College of Art and Design #5: Parsons School of Design at The New School- New York City, New York (US) Undergraduate enrollment: 6,695Acceptance rate: 51% About the School: The New School emphasizes a design thinking approach to solving problems on a global scale. Parsons is dedicated to remaining on the cutting edge of arts education; it strives to continually embrace new trends and interdisciplinary approaches to the arts. It also has a community service and social justice focus, encouraging design projects that have tangible outcomes in the world. Parsons provides one-on-one career counseling to students as well as connections to jobs and internships through the Center for Student Success. Parsons #6: Berlin University of the Arts- Berlin, Germany Enrollment: 3,618Acceptance rate: 20% About the School: The Berlin University of the Arts is the largest art school in Europe. Its faculty includes some of the most well-respected contemporary artists in the world, including Chinese artist and social activist Ai Weiwei (watch the documentary Ai Weiwei: Never Sorry about his work- it’s super interesting). There are four colleges within the University system that specialize in Fine Arts, Music, Design, and Performing Arts. Berlin University of the Arts has more than 170 international partnerships with other universities. The university hosts over 500 events every year and is a key cultural venue in the city. Students present their work to the public in exhibitions, concerts, dramatic productions, evenings of song, readings, and lectures. Berlin University of the Arts #7: Pratt Institute- New York City, New York (US) Undergraduate enrollment: 3,439Acceptance rate: 50% About the School: Pratt is at the center of the New York art scene, and is consistently ranked among the top art and design colleges in the world. A highly distinguished faculty made up of leaders in artistic fields means that students will make meaningful connections to the art world during their time at Pratt. Career Counseling services are excellent and have a high job placement rate after graduation. Pratt also sits on a beautiful enclosed campus that gives students a sanctuary apart from the hectic city life. Pratt Institute #8: ArtCenter College of Design- Pasadena, California (US) Undergraduate enrollment: 2,005Acceptance rate: Not reported About the School: ArtCenter College of Design has a distinguished reputation. Alumni include the advertising genius behind the "Got Milk?" campaign and the concept illustrator who gave R2-D2 life! The college is always willing to change with the times, and has added six undergraduate departments since 1970, the most recent being Interaction Design in 2012. ArtCenter College of Design was the first design school to install computer labs on its campus in the 1980s. Its â€Å"Designmatters† educational program gives students the opportunity to work on design projects that have a positive social impact. ArtCenter is known for its international focus and interdisciplinary curriculum that encourages transcendence of individual artistic mediums. ArtCenter College of Design #9: Glasgow School of Art- Glasgow, Scotland Undergraduate enrollment: 2,195Acceptance rate: Not reported About the School: Glasgow School of Art is Scotland’s only public self-governing art school. It is divided into two campuses: the School of Fine Arts and the School of Design. GSA is at the head of research in creative disciplines, with research centers including the Digital Design Studio, the Institute of Design Innovation, the Mackintosh Environmental Architectural Research Institute, and the Glasgow Urban Lab. Glasgow School of Art also has an extensive student and staff exchange program with about 75 of the world’s leading Art, Design and Architecture schools. Numerous alumni have won the Turner Prize, the most prestigious award in the British art scene given to one artist under 50 every year. Glasgow School of Art #10: China Central Academy of Fine Arts- Beijing, China Undergraduate enrollment: 4,700Acceptance rate: Less than 10% About the School: The China Central Academy of Fine Arts is one of the most selective schools in China and is considered China’s most prestigious art academy. It is made up of six specialty schools: the School of Fine Art, the School of Chinese Painting, the School of Design, the School of Architecture, the School of Humanities, and the School of Urban Design. The School of Design has been heavily involved with national Chinese design projects, including designs for the 2008 Beijing Olympics. The Academy is also home to a huge museum that includes over 2,000 Chinese scroll paintings that date back to the Ming Dynasty. #: National School of Fine Arts- Paris, France Undergraduate enrollment: Not reportedAcceptance rate: Not reported About the School: The National School of Fine Arts holds 450,000 items in its collections in the form of books and artworks; this is one of the largest public collections in France. Faculty and alumni include many internationally recognized artists. The five-year curriculum is made up of two consecutive "cycles," the first lasting three years and the second two years, in which students learn the fundamental practical and theoretical components of artistic creation. National School of Fine Arts- Paris #12: Tokyo University of the Arts- Tokyo, Japan Undergraduate enrollment: 3,302Acceptance rate: 30% About the School: As the only national arts university in Japan, Tokyo University of the Arts seeks to develop Japanese art and culture and emphasize a spirit of artistic freedom and creativity. Through collaboration with other universities and institutions, TUA works to create new forms of artistic expression and demonstrate the power of art to influence global trends. TUA also runs an exchange program with the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. Tokyo University of the Arts Which Art School is the Right Choice for You? It's difficult to decide on the right art school when there are so many great options out there. The first thing you should think about is location. Would you consider going to another state or country for college? Or would you prefer to stay closer to home? From there, you can decide which schools in the area of your choice appeal to you most. Are you looking for a city, suburban, or rural atmosphere? One factor that sets many of these colleges apart is the level of specialization throughout the curriculum. For example, ArtCenter College of Design requires students to choose an artistic discipline right away rather than including a year of foundational courses. This might be fine for you if you're convinced that you want to make a certain type of art, but it might not be the best fit if you're still not sure of your concentration. Rhode Island School of Design, on the other hand, requires a baseline course of study for all freshman before they're split up into their separate artistic disciplines sophomore year. It's also very important to consider whether each school offers the types of opportunities and facilities you want. If you're more design-oriented than fine art-oriented, you might consider a college like Parson's or ArtCenter College of Design. These schools have programs that focus on the practical application of design-thinking to solve problems in the real world. If you're hoping to spend some time studying abroad in college, you might think about School of the Art Institute of Chicago, which requires students to complete an off-campus study program. Fully explore what each school has to offer before making a decision based on first impressions. What do you want to get out of your arts education? Consider the potential connections you'll form with faculty and the surrounding artistic community. This type of networking can be a huge help down the road. Schools in New York City like Pratt and Parsons have an advantage in this regard since they're located in one of the central hubs of the art world. All of the schools on this list have great things to offer, but if you choose one that strongly appeals to your interests and provides the specific types of programs you're looking for, you'll be in for an amazing college experience. What's Next? If you want to apply to one of the best art schools in the world, you'll need to put together a portfolio. Learn more about how to create an art portfolio that showcases your strengths. Are you still researching colleges (or haven't started yet)? If so, take a look at this guide to the college research process for some helpful tips. If you're worried about paying for college, there are tons of scholarships out there for you. Read this article on the best scholarships you can win as a high school senior. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Finance- Israel Stock Exchange Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Finance- Israel Stock Exchange - Essay Example Globes, Israel Business Arena is one of the leading business publications in Israel. This article reports on a the Deloitte 2010 Global Venture Capital Survey, carried out in conjunction with venture capital associations around the world. The headline captures the negative results of the survey and the bad news for the Israeli stock market. The survey found that the majority of venture capital firms were looking first and foremost to increase their foreign investment in China (27%) and then India (14%). The article does not contain the precise numbers for Israel but notes that interest has fallen since 2009. Commenting on the results, Igal Brightman CPA, chairman and CEO of Deloitte Brightman Almagor Zohar & Co.and managing partner of the TMT group in Deloitte, said, "The migration of venture capital eastward indicates that the global high-tech industry is seeking new growth opportunities. The main indicators in the Israeli economy, among them accession to the OECD, the fall in the shekel-dollar exchange rate and the rise in salary levels, make Israel less attractive in comparison with the alternatives." This is very bad news for the Israeli economy as foreign venture capital investment, particularly in the hi-tech sector has been a key engine of growth in the Israeli economy and stock market in the past. Daniel, Robert, (November 8, 2010) â€Å"Market Watch: Israel stocks fall; gas firms hit by tax reports†. The Wall Street Journal Digital Network. Web. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/israel-stocks-fall-tax-reports-hit-gas-firms-2010-11-08. This article reports on a slight decline in the Israeli stock market on Monday, November 8, 2010. However, more substantively it identifies factors underlying the drop in, and poor prospects for the future in the natural gas sector and the telecom sector. The article reports that the Israeli government is considering a new financial arrangements with natural gas producers. â€Å"A government committee is planning to

The Production Function for Buses - Edgeworth Box Assignment

The Production Function for Buses - Edgeworth Box - Assignment Example Our function will reproduce increasing returns to scale. This means that with an accumulation of production factors volume of produced goods will grow. To find a number of buses with every combination of production factors, it is necessary to substitute each number of employees and the number of machines for K and L indicators. Hence, if a number of machines are 14 and number of employees who make buses is 5, the calculation of production output will be the following: In accordance with above example, we can calculate all the rest level of production. (K=10, L=3): (K=8, L=1): etc. From the table, we can also see that in accordance with the accumulation of employees, the number of produced buses grows. Part (B) Make an ‘Edgeworth box’ diagram for the production of buses in Utropica: put the number of employees making buses on the horizontal axis (0 to 6), and a number of machines used to make buses on the vertical axis (0 to 16). Draw an isoquant line for 5 buses. On the same diagram, add an isoquant for 7 buses, and an isoquant for 10 buses. To draw an ‘Edgeworth box’ diagram for the production of a specific number of buses, it is required to find all combinations of factors that are able to create the stated level of production. Hence, using a table above, it can be seen that 5 buses can be produced by 10 machines and 1 employee or 8 machines and 2 employees. So there are several alternatives for this output. Consequently, finding all possible combinations, we receive points that will form the isoquant line on the diagram. Using the same method, we find combinations of the factors for producing 7 buses.

Executive Summary of Students Quietly Undertaking to Encourage Apt Lear

Executive Summary of Students Quietly Undertaking to Encourage Apt Learning SQUEAL LIBR/ARST 570: Management of Libraries and Archives Executive Summary This Project Management Plan is the result of the time and energy spent by the members of SQUEAL (Students Quietly Undertaking to Encourage Apt Learning), who have embarked upon the task of learning about management in an information environment. The path we have chosen is outlined in this document. SQUEAL is devoted to learning how to â€Å"work effectively within a larger organization and to assume managerial responsibilities,† and each of SQUEAL’s members works to achieve this goal through internal, external and personal factors. The Project Management Plan is a guide which SQUEAL has created for itself in order to accomplish our common goals in a timely and thorough manner. The Plan includes an Introduction, Goals and Objectives, a list of Deliverables, the Resources which Squeal has at its disposal, Constraints, Strategy and Actions, our Budget, Controls, a description of our Documentation process, the Review and Appendices. - 1 - SQUEAL LIBR/ARST 570: Management of Libraries and Archives Table of Contents Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.1 Table of Contents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.2 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Team Characteristics†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Ground Rules†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...5 Goals and Objectives†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...6 Deliverables†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...10 Resources†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...12 Constraints†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.14 Strategy and Actions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..17 Budget†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦20 Controls†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..21 Documentation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...22 Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...23 Appendix A- Gantt Chart†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦A Appendix B- Budget Time Sheet†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦B Appendix C- Time Sheet†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.C - 2 - SQUEAL LIBR/ARST 570: Management of Libraries and Archives Introduction Students Quietly Undertaking to Encourage Apt Learning (SQUEAL) is a dynamic team comprised of members Brooke Ballantyne, Andrea Freeman, Reece Steinberg and group leader, Carolyn (Cen) Campbell. SQUEAL was formed in January, 2005 in response to a Project Management assignment from Dr. Ken Haycock, ... ... Ending/Evaluation March 8th - April 6th $3,217 * The predicted budget was found by taking total estimated personnel hours multiplied by 20 and then adding all of the additional estimated costs from the Team’s Budget divided by 4. - 26 - SQUEAL LIBR/ARST 570: Management of Libraries and Archives APPENDIX C- TIME SHEET - 27 - SQUEAL LIBR/ARST 570: Management of Libraries and Archives Date Time Expended Details of Activity Total Hours in Phase 1 (Initiation / Concept): (aim for group: 24 individual: 6) timeline: January 10th - January 24th Total Hours in Phase 2 (Planning / Development): (aim for group: 48 individual:12) timeline: January 25th - February 21st Total Hours in Phase 3 (Implementation / Execution): (aim for group: 48 individual:12) timeline: February 12th - March 7th Total Hours in Phase 4 (Ending / Evaluation): (aim for group: 24 individual: 6) timeline: March 8th - April 6th - 28 - SQUEAL LIBR/ARST 570: Management of Libraries and Archives On Monday, January 24 2005, we, the members of SQUEAL, submit this Project Management Plan to Dr. Ken Haycock. All team members have contributed to the plan and agree to follow it to the best of our abilities.

Organization or institution Essay

A policy can be defined as a guide to the actions or decisions of people in organization or institution. A policy states how members of an organization should act in specific situations which occur frequently and affect large numbers of people in a group. A policy has three components namely: it must have a process to achieve certain goals, it must have specific goals to realize and it must have a framework within which it functions. According to Dimock a scholar, policies are important in guiding the conduct of people who make decisions and take actions in organizations. However, the term policy is often confused with other related terms such as a rule, a plan, a decision and a procedure but in reality there is a marked difference between a policy and these other terms. According to the scholar known as James Anderson in his book titled â€Å"public policy analysis†, public policy is about why government do things they choose to do and the difference that it makes. Government does many things such as conflict resolution in society, organizing society to carry out conflicts with other societies. Governments also distribute a great variety of goods and services to the members of the society mainly in the form of taxes. Thus, public policies may regulate behavior, organize bureaucracies, distribute goods, collect revenue any other desirable activity. For this reason public policy is designed to alleviate personal discomfort or societal unease. This is due to the fact that people expect government to do many things for them and indeed there are no personal or societal problems for which some group will not demand a government solution. Public policy studies therefore deals with the description and explanations of causes and consequences of government activity. It therefore connotes a positive side of an action in the sense that it emphasizes an initiative by government to solve problems faced by people. The government has many sources of revenue which include: Taxes-The government can get its revenue from various sources of taxes in a country. Tax is a compulsory contribution by the government on its citizens to enable it to meet its expenses for a common cause. Tax enables the government to provide social and merit goods and services. These are the so called public goods and are consumed by all citizens irrespective of whether they pay tax or not e. g. provision of roads, bridges, social facilities etc. Also taxation is used as a controlling the flow of cash and capital in a country to ensure economic stability. It is used as a tool of economic policy e. g. imposition of high import duty in order to protect local industries granting of capital allowances and other tax incentives to encourage the inflow of direct foreign investment. Internal borrowing is another method whereby the public policy can get its funding. This is done through the sale of treasury bills and bonds. It might be restricted to a given percentage of gross domestic products. Although used, it has some effects like it pushes up the interest rates in the economy hence increasing the cost of capital and it may exercise inflationary pressure on the economy once the government repays the money. Aids and grants. This may be given by international monetary fund and World Bank and other bilateral donors. But it has constraints like strict terms and conditions which are imposed by donors which may be humiliating to the nation, it may not be sufficient to solve the budget deficit problems of the government. External borrowing usually from other countries or organizations such as IMF and World Bank. It has effects like humiliating terms and conditions and also the country will increase its already heavily burden of external debt. A BUDGET AS APUBLIC POLICY A budget is generally a list of all planned expenses and revenues. It is a plan for saving and spending. A budget is an important concept in microeconomics, which uses a budget line to illustrate the trade-offs between two or more goods. The budget should contain a narrative explaining how you decided on the amount of this reserve and a description of the expected financial results of business activities. The assets should be valued with each and every cost. All other expenses are like labor factory overhead all freshmen expenses are also included into business budgeting. A budget is considered as a proposal to be prepared by the administration and submitted to the legislature. Its aim could be to present in summary form the facts necessary to shape the policy of the government as well as provide financial support. The summaries of fact included in the budget could also serve as a key to the details of transactions and of estimates which could be submitted with the budget. The constitution inhibition that no money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by the law makes the budget an instrument of legislative control over the administration. To implement policies, government requires money as well as institutional structure. The budgetary process provides a means of allocating the available resources among competing interests to which they could be applied. When they device a budget, decision makers function within a definite resource constraint and must base their decisions on the assumption that no more revenue will come in. Therefore they allot the available amount of money for the greatest social, economic and political benefit. Each year there must be a new budget and an annual circle has evolved for the appropriation and expenditure of available public moneys. The repetitive nature of the budget cycle is important, for those involved might behave differently if they did not know that they have to come back each year after year to get more money. For instance, the government of United States budget system provides the means for the president and congress to decide on how much money to use, what to use it on, and ways of raising the money they have decided to use. It is through the budget system, whereby they determine how the allocation of resources between the agencies of the federal government. In most cases there are consequences in the decisions made during budget process due to the fact that they affect the state as a whole, nation and local governments, and individuals in the country. Budget decisions in most cases have significance in most of the countries in the whole universe. After the congress and the president have enacted budget decisions into law, the budget system on the other hand ensures that these laws are carried out. The process of planning future business actions and expressing those plans in a formal manner is what is referred as budgeting. A budget is a formal statement of future plans since the economic or financial aspects of the government are primary matters of consideration. Every branch of the government is necessarily high complex and technical . A budget therefore supply the need for an effective means whereby those who are responsible for direction and control over technical process and who understands the technical needs of the service may formally present to the legislature and through the legislature to the people a well defined plan of work to be financed in order that the government may make a provisional for needs of the country. The ways in which budgets are made reflect the choices, policies and philosophies of governments. Public finance covers budgeting as well as taxes and revenue. The budget is made up of revenue and expenditure proposal which have great chances of impacting as a public policy tool. Taxation deals with policy issues including: regulating the activities of firms in certain sectors, affecting production in that it can be used to encourage or discourage production, stabilization of the economy through control of inflation and even the distribution of wealth e. g. exempting low income earners from paying tax. The budget allocations are made to government departments and ministries like agriculture, education, public health, trade, foreign affairs, defense, transport, etc and are formally made by relevant ministries. The exact character of engrossed revenues varies from case to case. Bureaucratic politics is naturally concerned not only with the direct allocation of budget items but also with a struggle to engross revenues and create monopolies or cartels. Well established government involvement in agriculture includes state corporations like on sugar. Government agencies may be assigned monopolistic rights for the exploitation of mineral resources, to produce and sell sugar or to sell seeds and fertilizers. Similarly, a public health may be established e. g. a dispensary to offer Medicare facilities at a subsidized rate and in return the government generates revenue. The result is that public enterprise actually pays its own way and even produces a profit which goes into the state budget. The national budget as a policy tool also focuses on education. Public education may be defined as schooling mandated for or offered to all children by the government whether national, regional or local provided by an institution of civil government and paid for in whole or in part by taxes. Public education is applied to basic education, primary and secondary schools. Moreover, post secondary education like middle-level colleges and advanced education e. g. universities-all these constitute public education since the government subsidizes or pays in full to sponsor students. Ideally, the budget is designed to meet most of the foreseen programs and projects. In spite of the significance of the budget in education, agriculture, revenue generation, spending etc, it is equally necessary to state that the government experiences various risks including; property loss, loss of income or increased costs, damage to real and personal property, liability etc. Different strategies are used to manage risks including: risk elimination, risk reduction, risk assumption, risk transfer and risk insurance. However, problems in budgetary process seem to be widespread. The list may not be exhaustive but these include: Uncontrollable expenditure; the most important uncontrollable expenditures are the large entitlement programs of social welfare spending such as social security, Medicare and unemployment benefits, back door spending; expenditure decisions that are not actually made through the formal appropriation process, reprogramming and transfers; i. e. the shifting of funds within a specific appropriation account. Reprogramming involves shifting obligation authority from one program element to another and supplemental appropriations; i. e. made outside the normal budget circle to cover shortfalls during the fiscal year. Supplemental appropriations occur during recession, the demand for unemployment assistance naturally increases and supplemental funding will be required. The budget is made up of revenue and expenditure proposal and hence such proposals have a greater chance on impacting on public policy. A budget as a policy tool acts as a source of motivation because budgets provides the standards against which actual performance is evaluated and the manner in which it is used can significantly affect the attitude of those who are to be evaluated. If the government is not careful a budgeting process may have negative impacts on the attitudes of the civil servants. A budget is considered as a proposal to be prepared by the administration and submitted to the legislature. A national budget thus prepared and presented would serve the purpose of a prospectus. The act of appropriation as the legal means of making funds available to the executive branch enables the executive or some officer directly responsible to the executive, to exercise administrative control over liabilities incurred and over expenditures made by the many officers and agents employed by the government in the conduct of its business. Every branch of the business of the government is necessarily highly complex and technical. An act of appropriation of public money should therefore be the result of the most careful consideration of both branches of the government. For the purpose of consideration on the relation of revenue and borrowing to welfare, a budget is necessary. The budget as a policy tool is used as a basis for evaluating performance among various government ministries. The control functions of the government require that departments /ministries draft an evaluation report on their performance. A budget greatly determines their performance as it allocates various amount of funds to each. Although past performance among various ministries is potentially superior for determining whether the actual results are acceptable or in need of collective actions. Budgeting promotes study, research and focus of the future: when the government plans with sufficient care and details to prepare a budget, the planning process involves thorough study and research. Not only should this results in the best conceivable plans but it should also instill in executive the habit of doing a reasonable amount of research before decisions are made. Allocation of taxpayer’s money by the budget is massive hence before deciding on what project the government should undertake some funds are set aside by the budget to carry out thorough research to come up with realistic and attainable goals. The budget can mostly be viewed from the economic consideration. The budget serves as a fiscal policy in terms of expenditure and revenue to stabilize the economy. Governments spend money on a wide variety of things from the military and services like education and healthcare as well as transfer payments such as welfare benefits. These expenditures can be funded through: taxation, borrowing money from the population, benefit from printing money, sale of fixed assets, consumption of fiscal reserves etc. Governments borrow money and may sometimes incur debts. Several circumstances may force governments into a debtor position including, the need to cover deficits resulting from annual expenditures, the need to finance a long-term project and a short-term cash management to provide disbursement of payments in a timely fashion. No document can rightly be called a budget that does not set up a complete plan of the proposed expenditures for a definite period and balance those expenditures with the estimated means of financing this show a complete picture of the government’s finances. The budget should be setup and summarized as to make this picture quite clear to the citizens and taxpayers. A budget should be adopted before the beginning of the fiscal period to which it relates so that necessary accounts can be setup. Effective control over the execution of the budget plan; the proper executive authority and supervision should be provided to put the plan into operation. Physical control should be established through accounts and otherwise ensure that the expenditure of the government are being made to the budget plan. Staff assistance must be considered depending upon the size of the government that can give attention exclusively to the collection of the budget information. There is need for government to have broad and accurate information which must be reliable and indicate clearly the scope of the work and the various activities of the government. For the purpose of considering the relations of revenue and borrowing to welfare, the budget should present for consideration of the legislature a definite financial program. The level of government borrowing is an important part of fiscal policy and management of aggregate demand in any economy. When the government is running a budget deficit, it means that in a given year, total government expenditure exceeds total tax revenue. As a result, the government has to borrow through the issue of debt such as Treasury Bills and long-term government Bonds. The issue of debt is done by the central bank and involves selling debt to the bond and bill markets. Each general fund spending agency’s financial overview presents and outlines revenues and expenditures for the current budget. The scheme describes the spending agency’s mission statement services provided, staffing summary, objectives, goals, current year budget highlights and performance measurement information. Each of the other funds classified as special revenue funds, enterprise funds, capital project funds, and internal service funds are detailed in the same format as the general fund. Describe restrictions that are (or could be) placed on those revenues. The government can give restrictions on its revenue in order to achieve its goals or objectives. For example the taxation of citizens must be compulsory so as to raise public revenue in order to meet public expenditure relating to maintenance of internal security and external defense of a country and also provision of basic social services at a subsidized cost e. g. education, water, recreational activities, health facilities etc. In most cases, accrual basis of accounting is used to in full so as to record expenses as paid not when they take place, diminishing the value of the government‘s capital assets. This is not accounted for as cash expenses, in the long-term, their value as an asset or liability is recognized. It can be recorded through measurement focus as a separate account, realized as revenue in one department, or revealed as an expense in another. For instance, the general funds and purchasing department would work in series in this kind of arrangement so as to manage the amount used up for procurement and adjust budgets for extra expenses, such as purchase of extended warranties and service plans. The restrictions placed from congress, grantors and private groups often ‘restrict’ these funds for specialized uses. The government may restrict that revenue coming from taxation for example will be used to run free education for university students or be used to carry out research. The general fund holds money in reserve to pay for utility expenses, or earmarks it with the donor’s wishes for example where the donor wants a certain project to be established by the lending. Capital assets are recorded as expense when they occur, not as cash income which is not the case with businesses. The nature of organizations divides funds into categories of resource restriction not functional operations. Evaluate how public policy decisions affect the receipt of revenues. For example where the government imposes high rate of tax for its employees or businessmen may make employees to start practicing tax evasion. This is due to the high amounts they will be required to pay as tax and it will minimize their profits which is their objective as they where venturing into business. Decisions suggested in the previous enacted budgets, and how programs are actually performing influence decisions concerning the future budget of a country. The decision-makers in a country must consider the effects of economic and technical assumptions on the budget estimates so as to avoid over/underestimation. , the rate of inflation, interest rates, the unemployment rate, economic growth and the number of people eligible for various benefit programs, among other things, affect government spending and receipts. For example the government can start some programs in the country so as to help the unemployed to at least to be busy somewhere making something small to sustain them hence affecting the government receipts and spending as it was not budgeted for. Small changes in these assumptions can affect budget estimates by a large amount of money. Through the process of adopting a budget resolution, it concurs on levels for total spending and receipts, the size of the deficit or surplus, and the debt limit. Stages of implementation of the decisions can use feedback to make changes when high cost programs to collect taxes are reactive to public reaction, overruns in cost, long term worth of the policy, manpower and material, employee activity ,time, and the use of consultants, and third party vendors with substantial interest and involvement in policy objectives. Usually implementation is the actual application of a policy and it involves activities such as disbursement of funds, the general mobilization of resources in order to actualize programs and projects. The debt issues as other sources, discounts as other income, while the debt service expenditures express issuance costs. Analyze the economic conditions that affect revenue projections Inflation and the rising cost of employee benefits. For example hyperinflation which is the most serious type of inflation also known as runaway or galloping inflation . it has been experienced in Germany, Austria, Hungary, China and other countries of South America. When this type is experienced, the currency in circulation becomes unacceptable and in the end new currency is issued. Inflation may be due to increase in demand of goods and services may result in arise in price level. Also when cost of production increases the prices goes up it may rise due to the higher wage levels, higher cost of raw material or more taxes on the production of commodities. These may affect the revenue projections by the government in place as it may under forecast or overcast the revenue projections. In some cases citizens may not comply with the rules and regulations of a country in that they could like to practice tax evasion. This is a criminal offence involving evasion of tax through fraudulent means e. g. the manipulation of financial statements and failure to make full disclosure of taxable income, or engagement in illegal activities e. g. parching, drug trafficking etc where income is generated without paying tax. This affects the revenue projections by the government because at the long run it will end up underestimating the revenue to be expected. Capital expenditures for replacement of equipment and emergence expenditures like floods which require an immediate attention. This usually affects the revenue projections because it was not budgeted for or projected for. This will end up diverting some amount meant for another purpose to be used in that emergence in order to save the situation. Or in other cases where a machine used in the intensive care unit is not functioning, it will require an immediate attention so as to purchase a new one in order to save the lives of the patients. Diverting from designed performance measures is crucial because annual cash flow statements and budgetary budget flows are necessary to maintain the business focused on annual expenses and changes to the same. Realistic interpretations of the best use of income generated through taxes, fees, surcharges and capital funds ties it into most effective and accessible to public use of the money that will benefit all the most. Develop a revenue policy that aligns with community values. A public policy must take into consideration the prevailing customs, traditions and conventions of people. Thus, the policy must not go against established ways of life of the people unless it is extremely desirable to frame one that bans a social evil. Also it must take into account the availability of resources especially financial resources that are critical for its implementation. Such resources may be derived either from national budget or other sources such as donors or loans from commercial banks. Most employees would like to contribute without any difficulty to the revenue of the country if their community interests are going to be catered for. The residents would like to have available facilities like a hospital near home or work, and that of suburbs wishing to enhance tax base, and enjoy the benefits of their contributions. Strategic plans and major projects often have the same type of written statement of record. Citizens in general, advocate for a return on investment. Public administrators and urban planners share the idea that government should support reinvestment in communities in order for them to prosper. For example if the country comes up with a policy to have a certain community to contribute more to the kitty of revenue so as to build an hospital . The community will contribute positively because it will help them in many ways like travelling a short distance to get the services and also employment. This will save many lives were it that they were emergencies and people were to travel long distances to get the services. If there is a plan to initiate a project like an industry in a certain community, the residents will be willing to contribute to that project as they will be assured of the benefits from it. Fines and penalties are also compulsory unreciprocated payments, but are distinct from taxes as they should be punitive in nature and imposed by a judicial body. This may be imposed on people who go against the morals or the norms of the community. Social Contributions are payments either from employees or employers in exchange for Social benefits in the future, or to insure against risk in the future. Voluntary Social Contributions are excluded from measures of the tax burden e. g. Payments to pension schemes. Conclusion In general, public policy undergoes several stages from problem identification, agenda seytting, policy formulation, policy legitimation, policy implementation and monitoring and evaluation. In the study of public policy there are theories and approaches to its study. They include rationalist/comprehensive approach which emphasizes the idea of maximum social gain from the policy. For a policy to be adopted its benefits must exceed its benefits. If the forecaster overestimates revenues in any one country, the consequences are serious: plans must be cut so as to meet the revenue which is received, implying that services will be reduced, or citizens will be taxed more in which case political and administrative costs are acquired. if the forecaster underestimates revenue, however, no such consequences must be confronted because the programs will be run within the budget limit. The costs which may be incurred from underestimating revenues are significantly less than the costs which may be incurred from overestimating revenues. Implementing policy may end up with results which were unexpected; it may come from a policy whose reach goes beyond the problem it was initially meant to address. REFERENCES Dirk Jan Kraan. Budgetary Decisions, A Public Choice Approach (1996), Dye Thomas, Understanding Public Policy, (1984) Henry Nicholas, Public Administration and Public Affairs, (1995) James E. Anderson, Public Policymaking: An Introduction. (2006). McLennan B. Comparative Public Policy (1980) Praeger, Public Sector Management, (1990) Sabatier, P. , and Mazmanian, D. Implementation and Public Policy (1989)

Native Americans Of North Carolina Essay - 1021 Words

American Indians had been living in North Carolina for at least 9,500 years before European explorers first encountered them in the 1520s. For the past several decades an increasing number of Americans have been identifying as American Indians. For centuries before European contact, these native people lived in harmony with the natural environment, taking no more from the land than they needed to survive. Of all the states in the Union, North Carolina has witnessed the largest increase in Native American population during the past 100 years, based upon official government census documents. The Indian population in North Carolina consists of one federally recognized Indian tribe (Cherokee), seven state-recognized tribes, and†¦show more content†¦The Qualla Boundary reservation, where much of the tribe now lives, was charted in 1889. 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